optoelectronics silicon_carbide ForceDistanceSpectroscopy PVAP3HT Optoelectonics HACrystal Conducting vertical_PFM single_layer Materials Formamidinium_lead_iodide BlockCopolymer molecules RedBloodCell PolyimideFilm DentalProsthesis ForceVolumeMapping Sapphire ConductingPolymer 2d_materials NusEce NtuEee HardDiskMedia Silver SolarCell Titanate SRAM domain_switching Tungsten_disulfide Epoxy ScanningTunnelingMicroscopy IcelandSpar DiffractiveOpticalElements UnivCollegeLondon Scratch